Sarga
From Langmaker
| Conlang | Sarga |
| Author | Joseph Staleknight |
| Year Began | 2006 |
| Language Type | personal language |
| Lexicon Size | N/A |
| Etymologies | No |
| Grammar | Yes |
| Sample Texts | No |
| Primer | No |
| Glossary | Yes |
| Babel Text | Here |
Contents |
Introduction
Sarga is a personal conlang invented by Joseph Staleknight. The bulk of the language is an a priori, with bits of German and other languages in it.
Grammar
Orthography/Phonology
Word Order is basically like in English. The consonants are: /p t k b d g w r j l h tS dZ s z f v/, which will be transcribed as P T K B D G W R J L X C CC S Z F V, respectively.
The vowels are: /A e i o u { E I @ U/, transcribed respectively as A E I O U Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü.
There are 5 diphthongs (oa, ou, ua, eo, ai) and 5 triphthongs (oai, ueo, iue, eao, iou).
The letter Y is used only for dictionary purposes.
Nouns
Nouns are declined as follows:
| Case/Number | Nominative | Accusative |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | --- | a- |
| Plural | -s | sa- |
Verbs
Verbs are conjugated as follows, with the "y" of the y-infinitive (eg byrk) replaced by:
| Tense/Number | Present | Past | Future | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future Perfect | Imperative | Gerundive | Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ö- | -a- | -u- | -öxy- | -axy- | -uxy- | -ë- | -ai- | -eo- |
| Plural | -o- | -oa- | -ou- | -oxy- | -oaxy- | -ouxy- | -e- | -oai- | -eao- |
* Notice: You can replace the "y" with one of the other tenses for more complex tenses (eg. -axeo- for Pluperfect Reflexive).
Pronouns
The pronouns are suffixes that end in -t as follows:
| Person/Number/Case | Nominative | Accusative |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Singular | -at | -ant |
| 2nd Singular | -et | -ent |
| 3rd Singular | -it | -int |
| 1st Plural | -ot | -ont |
| 2nd Plural/Formal | -ët | -ënt |
| 3rd Plural | -ut | -unt |
They are attached either to the end of the conjugated verb or sometimes a noun (in the case of "I am...," etc. sentences).
Adjectives
The comparatives/superlatives are declined by case and number, as:
| Case/Number/Degree | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative Singular | -ak | -ac |
| Nominative Plural | -ag | -acc |
| Accusative Singular | -oak | -oac |
| Accusative Plural | -oag | -oacc |
Adverbs
Same thing as adjectives, except that (in some dialects, anyway) the word is prefixed by mu-.
Conjunctions/Interjections/Vocative
| and | axu |
|---|---|
| or | oani |
| but | xüm |
| Interjections/Vocative | -ali! |
Negation
Words ar negated by adding nepa- to the word.
Articles
The articles may be the most complex feature of Sarga. They are declined by case, degree, number, and definitiveness. The only thing they share between them, in fact, is their structure of d-vowel/polyphthong-l.
| Degree/Number/Definitiveness/Case | Nominative | Accusative |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Singular Definite | dal | däl |
| Positive Singular Indefinite | del | dël |
| Positive Plural Definite | dil | dïl |
| Positive Plural Indefinite | dul- | dül- |
| Comparative Singular Definite | doal | döxal |
| Comparative Singular Indefinite | deol | dexöl |
| Comparative Plural Definite | dail | daxil |
| Comparative Plural Indefinite | doul- | döxul- |
| Superlative Singular Definite | doail | doaxil |
| Superlative Singular Indefinite | deaol | deoxal |
| Superlative Plural Definite | dueol | diuel |
| Superlative Plural Indefinite | dioul- | dixoul- |
Note that since there is no English equivalent for the Plural Indefinite forms, those become prefixes.
Prepositions/Extended Conjunctions
| of | vön- |
|---|---|
| to | zu- |
| with | mint |
| by | boai |
| at | ant |
| in | ën |
| out/off | ous |
| from | fron |
| for | für |
| since | said |
| on | neaof |
| through | dorc |
| against | gexën |
| without | önd |
| around/about | umb |
| until | bïz |
| except | xün |
| after | nak |
| opposite | balc |
| behind | hindal |
| along | nevin |
| over | übar |
| under | unar |
| before | vorn |
| between/among | zïsin |
| instead | drat |
| throuought | doart |
| because | wal |
| while | wïl |
| inside/within | mintën |
| outside/without | mintous |
| thus/therefore | dëvegïn |
| also | oaxï |
| only | finig |
Extended/Relative Pronouns
| Quality/Query | who | what/which | when/how much/how often | where | why | how |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| what | wu | was | wën | wër | wai | wou |
| this | tu | tas | tën | tër | tai | tou |
| that | du | das | dën | dër | dai | dou |
| these | cu | cas | cën | cër | cai | cou |
| those | ccu | ccas | ccën | ccër | ccai | ccou |
| all/every | u | as | ën | ër | ai | ou |
| each | ju | jas | jën | jër | jai | jou |
| most | mu | mas | mën | mër | mai | mou |
| many | nu | nas | nën | nër | nai | nou |
| some | su | sas | sën | sër | sai | sou |
| few | fu | fas | fën | fër | fai | fou |
| none | nepu | nepas | nepën | nepër | nepai | nepou |
Numerals
The Sarga number system is base 16 (digits 0-F). The periods end the prefixes for tens, hundreds, et al. If the number ends in a vowel, then -x- is added as a prefix buffer.
| English | Sarga |
|---|---|
| 0 | b.ëk |
| 1 | f.in |
| 2 | d.or |
| 3 | m.al |
| 4 | ka.k |
| 5 | nas. |
| 6 | cc.un |
| 7 | s.es |
| 8 | n.il |
| 9 | .er |
| A | bo.a |
| B | c.ot |
| C | m.alk |
| D | fr.ës |
| E | kïm |
| F | ful.d |
| 10 | fëk (fin + -ëk) |
| 11 | fëkfin |
| 20 | dëk |
| 21 | dëkfin |
| 100 | fän (fin + -än) |
| 101 | fänfin |
| 200 | dän |
| 1000 | fëkän (fin + (-ëk + -än)) |
There are also words and terms associated with numbers, as follows:
| English | Sarga |
|---|---|
| Ordinals | -uan |
| Fractions | göld |
| Decimals | sampa |
| Percents | vönfän |
| plus | axu |
| minus | nepaxu |
| times | axaxu |
| divided by | göldoai |
| equals | tölt |
| last | infin |
| beginning | trail |
| end | skain |
| number | pakël |
Glossary
For the convenince of many, this glossary has been separated and sorted by parts of speech. The reference alphabet is: Y (verbs only!), A, Ä, B, C, CC, D, E, Ë, F, G, I, Ï, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ö, P, R, S, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Z
Verb Gloss
Remember that Y is only used for dictionary purposes, and is to be replaced with a conjugation from the verb table.
ygënu - to burn
ylsk - to have to
yra - to blow
yrda - to have
yrdazunar - to haggle
yrdkain - to create
yrdrog - to destroy
yxul - to join (with)
yxumint - to join (together)
by - to grow
byca - to rain
byd - to shine
bylccë - to lie
bylz - to lose
bynd - to thank
byndök - to jump
bynest - to feed
byr - to do
byrak - to need (to)
byrn - to feel
bryc - to call
bryt - to pay
dyk - to want
dyku - to take
dyld - to marry
dyrä - to turn
dorczubycïn - to imagine
dryg - to kill
fyran - to drive
fyron - to welcome
gyrv - to want
gysua - to snow
kybït - to break
kycc - to hate
kylm - to please
kyn - to be born
kynd - to go
kyndu - to cool
kynt - to start/begin
kyrn - to shop
kyrt - to be able to
krycc - to hurt
lyfet - to live (at)
lyw - to love
myneg - to like
mynz - to paint
molzubycïn - to understand
nyn - to hear
nynte - to listen
pynd - to find
pyr - to meet
pyrl - to help
pryduk - to buy
rygïl - to lie (down)
rysu - to heat
ryve - to move
syk - to shrink
syl - to wish
syloam - to greet
sylpan - to draw
synd - to seem
sypal - to sell
syrga - to speak
syxi - to shoot
skybot - to write
styr - to be supposed to
tykë - to smell
tylb - to cost
tyld - to happen
tylt - to be/equal/exist
tyr - to eat
tyrgo - to throw
tyrk - to drink
tryg - to die
tryltsaloam - to spit
vyrn - to excuse
vyrt - to seek
vyt - to see
wyrïk - to rationalize
xy - to set
xylt - to stop/restrain
xymb - to split (from)
xymous - to split (apart)
xymousdrog - to confuse/confound
xynar - to sit
xyrak - to scream
xytël - to sleep
zyga - to cover
zykun - to teach
zyn - to taste
zyne - to allow/be allowed
zynzut - to attend
zyrk - to touch
zuby - to reach
zubycïn - to thank
zubaryrdkain - to build
zusyrga - to tell
zutylt - to become
Noun Gloss
ab - alphabet (+ kabït = alphabet letter)
Afriselda - Africa
airnan - bird
airu - air
Almaselda - Germany
aneni - banana
Aprïl - April (alt.)
Aseoselda - Asia
axumintendeg - scissors
älurd - cat
baca - rain
Baca - April
bad - sun
bador - father (+ fro- = mother)
blain - loan/lease/rent
Boamuntol - December (alt.)
bodic - glue
bodictuk - tape (binding)
bornalë - egg
bruc - name
bubun - highway
buccalse - dragon
bufarl - avenue
bukolda - grandparent
bun - street
buparduk - leg
but - size
buton - button
buzarktuk - arm
buzuvöntuk - tower
Büdum - Buddhism
carnan - animal
cëk - cheque/check
cual - night
(Sa)Cualsuk(o)acc - July
ccalse - lizard
ccavo - coffee
ccimz - uncle (+ fro- = aunt)
Cculi - July (alt.)
Ccuni - June (alt.)
Dabad - Thursday
dalva - table
dalvadon - tablecloth
dar - man (+ fro- = woman)
dezar - doctor
dëbït - debit
doas - angel
Doas - God
Doaslac - Heaven
doazaikun - religion
don - cloth (> Plural - clothes)
donsal - suit
-dor - pair (of)
ducal - knee
dular - dollar
endeg - knife
Ensarga - English (lang.)
Enselda - England
eoro - euro
Eoroselda - Europe
Ermuntol - November (alt.)
erzïn - heart
evor - apple
Fabad - Friday
fad - age
farl - road
farna - sky
faron - welcome
Fevrar - February (alt.)
fevrar-masa-carnan - fish (animal)
fevrar-masa-gruz - fish (meat)
folk - screw
folkorap - screwdriver
forït - fruit
Franselda - France
froa - lady/Mrs.
fugal - fork
fuges - time
füt - evening
gela - second (time)
gesua - snow
gor - bear
gruz - meat
igënu - fire
Ïndum - Hinduism
Jänar - January (alt.)
jën - yen
kabït - piece
kaci - brother (+ fro- = sister)
kalze - face
käs - cash
keovan - napkin
koda - head
kolb - salt
kolda - parent
korpan - body
krëdët - credit
Kristum - Christianity
kroaccun - injury/damage
lac - place
lavato - side
Mabad - Monday
Mai - May (alt.)
manard - milk
manzend - painter (< manz, paint.)
marsula - dress
Masa - March (alt.)
mata - tomato
män - world
meniou - menu
Menol - October
mepar - noon
Mesiman - Wednesday
metiro - shirt
min - morning
mintairfuges - breakfast
-mint-daildi - -in-law
Moxamadum - Islam
Mozum - Judaism
mun - moon
muntol - month
Nakbëk - AD/CE
nana - ear
nansarga - speech
narmik - spoon
nepabuparduk - snake
nepasarga - silence
nïkbodic - tar
Nilmuntol - October (alt.)
noride - maid/Miss
not - summer
Oagost - August (alt.)
oara - wind
oniue - money/cash (alt.)
ortoraivë - car
ortoraivëblain - car rental
(sax)ortoraivëmeols - traffic lights (< meol, light)
Oustraliselda - Australia
par - day
pard - foot
pardon - sock
(Sa)Parleg(s) - December
pïstun - hair
plänlac - plain
plek - son (+ fro- = daughter)
pond - pound (UK currency)
ranc - pepper
ransal - orange (fruit)
rataz - plate
rol - autumn
rota - carrot
ruda - minute
rupi - rupee
rupïd - secret
Ruselda - Russia
Sabad - Sunday
sai - tea (not to be confused with sai, "for some reason")
saja - hour/clock
salc - bread
sänka - lip
sarga - language
sarn - wine
saunï - blood
selda - large region (i.e. states/provinces and larger)
Selda Nepagöld Amërik/SNA - United States of America/USA
Sesmuntol - September (alt.)
skabotët - script
Skainot - September
siman - week
Sïniselda - China
sobad - cheese
sokal - problem
songal - vegetable
sopal - sale
sor - afternoon
souva - cup/glass
stën - brick
stënd - stone
suand - sugar
suansalc - cake
suargën - mouth (speaking)
suargënpïstun - moustache (speaking)
suargëntuk - tongue (speaking)
suc - hat
sukfarl - alley
sukparduk - toe
sukzarktuk - finger
sulba - shoe
suva - family
suwa - small region (i.e. cities and smaller)
suwadar - politician
Tabad - Tuesday
tairaln - food
tairfuges - meal
tairlac - restaurant
taixe - tie
takön - tax
tarto - devil
Tarto - Satan
Tartolac - Hell
Tasiforan - taxi driver
tata - potato
tërnu - earth
tët - text
tikë - nose
tïrkol - drink/beverage
toast - color
toastkabït - rainbow
tolbis - price
toltane - soul
toltanoa - citizen
toltol - life
tonök - nail (metal)
trält - water/juice
trältu - water (element)
troag - death
tuar - year
Tuargoun - January
tuk - stick
tunalëd - musician (< tunal, music.)
uals - horse
ueol - oil
unardon - underwear
unarzuzukorpan - belly
unt - dog
vëdor - weather
Vormetuar - June
Vornbëk - BC(E)
vorndar - monkey
Vornsabad - Saturday
Vornob - February
Vornol - August
Vornot - May
Vornzon - November
vota - eye
votanar - eyeglasses
vulm - flower
Vulm - March
Xadum - paganism
xalskïp - engineer
xanad - pants
xer - lord/Mr./husband (+ fro- = wife)
xob - spring
xonoroz - season
xorap - hammer
xotël - hotel
zaka - jacket
zanaxi - tooth
zano - planet
zark - hand
zarkacal - elbow
zarkdon - handkerchief
zenzutë - attention
zënal - deer
zon - winter
zuan - mouth (tasting)
zuanpïstun - moustache (tasting)
zuantuk - tongue (tasting)
zubacïn - mind/brain
zubardo - top
zudartët - letter (to s.o.)
zuga - cloud
zugö - order
zukaind - direction
zukal - lemon
zukuna - professor/teacher
zunardo - bottom
zuvön - house/home
zuz - bee
zuzukorpan - chest
zükorpan - back
Adjective/Adverb Gloss
al - lax
Alba- - Scottish
andën - again
ardo - arid
arkandë - important
art - hard
baci - rainy
baduni - sunny
baist - hungry
barze - healthy
bërdi - green
bïlcc - false
bïlk - cheap
bralt - young
Brazï- - Brazilian
brok - bad
bolzi - sad
bonest - full-fed
bu - great/big/long/tall/wide (+ mu- = abroad)
buxak - more
buxal - lot (of)
cualan - dark
dalsard - another
dür - slow
Ella- - Greek
En- - English
Eor- - Irish
ëdïk - dumb
ëlde - golde
fals - fast
feo - ugly
fëld- - too (much)
(nepa)finar - same/different
finig - united
Fïlïs- - Palestinian
frën - dirty
fuacc - strong
gadeo - beautiful
geol - old-fashioned
gesuali - snowy
goun - new (Only found in Tuargoun (Alt. for January))
Indones- - Indonesian
infin - final
Ïlïn- - Illini
Ïncci- - Native American
Ïnd- - Indian
Ïndijän- - Hoosier
Ïzra- - Hebrew/Israelite
joacaru - enough
joas - just (only)
kalat - crazy
Kastal- - Spanish
kändu - cold
Kemët- - Egyptian
(nepa)klonz - (in)complete
koarten - hopeful
korm - late (Used only in Vutalent kormak! (See you later!))
Kümra- - Welsh
lavac - left
laval - west
leg - holy
loawen - passionate
marïl - yellow
maska - happy
me - middle
mëndu - ill
mol - good
nakël - late
naxal - next
nar - weak
nastoast - multicoloured
naz - wet
neccumo - necessary
nepasargël - silent
nepatoast - transparent
nevinepatoast - translucent
Nipo- - Japanese
nïk - black
oaracci - windy
orto - auto(matic)
Öster- - Austrian
pärc - bright
plän - flat/plain
prit - happy (Used only colloquially, as in Dël atuar goun prit! (Happy new year!))
pupu - purple
ransal - orange (color)
roan - brown
rou - gray
rucca - pink (alt.)
rusekändu - warm
rusu - hot
sard - other
sën - clean
sola - easy
sorl - new
Suam- - Finnish
suan - sweet
Sueos- - Swiss
suk - narrow/small/short
sukak - less
sukal - little
Svëd- - Swedish
tain - expensive
Tali- - Italian
tartoza - evil
Tësa- - Texan
tobal - east
tobë - right
trak - dry
Türk- - Turkish
umët - humid
vësi - heavy/fat
vora - previous
vorël - early
war - true
wïs - white
xabal - difficult
Xalan- - Dutch
xalk - old-aged
xans - smart
xaro - red
xarwïs - pink
xisi - light/thin
xolë - silver
zäfën - soft
zämpo - sane
zenzut - careful
zubal - north
zubar - up
zufron - ahead
zugati - cloudy
zuk - back
zunal - south
zunar - down
zur - blue
zurt - tense
zuzu - forth
Other Words (Interjections, Conjunctions, et al.) Gloss
Ai! - Eeek!
Ark! - Argh!
Arv! - Bark!
Bib! - Beep!
Börp! - Burp!
Bum! - Boom!
dazu - so that
Eao! - Ow!
Förp! - Poot!
Gölp! - Gulp!
Iue! - Ew!
Kräk! - Crack!
Kuak! - Quack!
lïk - like (similes)
M... - Mmmm...
Meao! - Meow!
Mf... - Mph...
Pz! - Pss(t)!
Snnn... - Zzz...
vi - as
vult - would
Wüc! - Whoosh!
Xa! - Gasp!
Xan! - Honk!
xünam - else
Zïp! - Zip!
zu - so
For more, see Grammar
Additional Gloss?
To add to the glossary, please submit your ideas to the Topic Discussion. They must be original (cannot already be found in the glossary) and be morphologically/orthographically correct (I can't accept hamp - hamper, for example, since it contains an h where an x should be).
Suggested Ways to Improve the Language
Dana Nutter suggested getting rid of the umlauts to ease typability. Here, that means that now to represent the five umlauted vowels, each unumlauted counterpart now needs to be doubled (e.g. AA for Ä). Of course, this may reduce the amount of words that can fit on a single line....
