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Particles terminate larger constructs and describe the semantic role of those constructs. Novvocu has the following types of particles:
 Sentence particles - Modify the entire sentence, such as ca, from Japanese ka, which converts a sentence into a question.Clause particles - Indicate whether the initial clause of a sentence is independent of or subordinate to the final clause.
Case particles - Indicate the case role of the phrase in relation to the verb.
Phrase particles - Modify a noun phrase by a preceding noun phrase (genitive).
ba phrase particle [NA.] The phrase describes a loose relationship to the next phrase. Translation "of". X particle Y means "Y of X". An optional postposition after the phrase before the particle clarifies the relationship.
ca sentence particle [Japanese ka.] The sentence is a question.
de case particle [Japanese de.] The argument is the persistent location of the events or states described by the verb.
e case particle [Japanese e.] The argument is the final destination or direction of the verb.
fo case particle [Latin focus.] The argument is the focus of the verb.
ga case particle [Japanese ga.] The argument is the agent of the verb.
hi sentence particle [NA.] Ironic negation. The sentence is false. Translation "…not!"
ju case particle [NA.] Marks the person being described is being addressed.
li case particle [NA.] The argument is the agent and patient of the verb.
mu sentence particle [NA.] Imperative (command).
ne sentence particle [Japanese ne.] The sentence is a question prompting for "yes/no" confirmation. Translation ", isn't it?"
ni case particle [Japanese ni.] The argument is the initial location of the events or states described by the verb.
no phrase particle [Japanese no.] The phrase describes the possessor of the next phrase (e.g., mamat no citab, "mother's book").
o case particle [Japanese o.] The argument is the patient of the verb.
pu case particle [Novvocu pus.] The argument marks the means or instrument of the verb. Translation: "with, by means of, using."
ra case particle [Japanese kara.] Marks the time the action of the verb starts.
su clause particle [NA.] Indicates this clause is independent of the one that follows. Translation "and, then", if not modified.
to clause particle [Japanese to.] Indicates this clause is subordinate to the one that follows. Translation: "if, when", if not modified.
vi sentence particle [NA.] Emphatic: translation "!"
ze case particle [NA.] Marks the time the action of the verb ceases.
Possessive pronouns are formed by using the pronoun and the no particle.
I'm thinking of adding a parenthetical particle.
7/8/02 -- I see that Dublex had the following:
Instrumental Prepositions
The instrumental prepositions are:
bo by (with the help of)
ro for (as a means of)
zo with (by means of).
"The pizza can be cut BY Dad WITH a knife FOR an equal distribution."
I wonder if these wouldn't be better served by particles...
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